Abstract
A novel nitrile-/cyano-free ionic liquid was synthesized and carbonized under two different carbonization methods in the presence of ZnCl2 as a catalyst to afford N-doped carbon materials. It was found that the carbonization condition could affect the nature and textural properties of the resulting carbon. In the following, ionic liquid-derived carbon was hybridized with naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes via two procedures, that is, hydrothermal treatment of halloysite and as-prepared carbon and carbonization of ionic liquid in the presence of halloysite. The two novel nanocomposites were then used for stabilizing Pd nanoparticles. Examining the structures and catalytic activities of the resulting catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes in aqueous media showed that the carbonization procedure and hybridization method could affect the structure and the catalytic activity of the catalysts and hydrothermal approach, in which the structure of halloysite is preserved, leading to the catalyst with superior catalytic activity.
Highlights
Considering the wide range of applications of heteroatomdoped carbon materials,[1−5] many attempts have been made to develop efficient methods for their preparation.[6,7] In this context, two main methodologies, that is, posttreatment of carbon materials with suitable gases and carbonization of heteroatom-containing precursors, have been developed.[8]
Our results confirmed the synergism between Hal and carbon that resulted in the catalysts with superior catalytic performances compared to the individual components. Considering these promising results and in the search for novel Hal−C composite systems, we present a novel catalyst that was obtained through immobilization of Pd nanoparticles on a composite prepared from the hydrothermal treatment of Hal with a novel IL
The formation of TCT-IMI was confirmed by recording its 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Summary
Considering the wide range of applications of heteroatomdoped carbon materials,[1−5] many attempts have been made to develop efficient methods for their preparation.[6,7] In this context, two main methodologies, that is, posttreatment of carbon materials with suitable gases and carbonization of heteroatom-containing precursors, have been developed.[8]. In continuation of our study on the catalytic composites,[41] recently, we disclosed the outstanding performance of Hal− carbon composites as catalyst supports.[42,43] Our results confirmed the synergism between Hal and carbon that resulted in the catalysts with superior catalytic performances compared to the individual components Considering these promising results and in the search for novel Hal−C composite systems, we present a novel catalyst that was obtained through immobilization of Pd nanoparticles on a composite prepared from the hydrothermal treatment of Hal with a novel IL-. Use of ZnCl2 as a catalyst was presented for efficient carbonization of IL in the absence of any structural guide This approach obviates the need for confinement of ILs or using costly nitrile-containing ILs and presents a cost-effective and simple method for preparing N-doped porous carbons. To study the effect of method of hybridization of Hal and IL-derived carbon on the catalytic activity of the final catalyst, two protocols, carbonization of IL in the presence of Hal and hydrothermal treatment of Hal in the presence of IL-derived carbon, were examined, and the structures of two composites as well as their catalytic performances were compared for the hydrogenation of nitroarenes
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