Abstract
Abstract. We study the sedimentary record of past tsunamis along the coastal area west of Alexandria (NW Egypt) taking into account the occurrence of major historical earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean. The two selected sites at Kefr Saber (∼32 km west of Marsa-Matrouh city) and ∼ 10 km northwest of El Alamein village are coastal lagoons protected by 2–20 m-high dunes parallel to the shoreline. Field data were collected by (1) coastal geomorphology along estuaries, wedge-protected and dune-protected lagoons; and (2) identification and spatial distribution of paleotsunamis deposits using five trenches (1.5 m-depth) at Kefr Saber and twelve cores (1 to 2.5 m-depth) at El Alamein. Detailed logging of sedimentary sections was conducted using X-rays, grain size and sorting, total organic and inorganic matter, bulk mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility, and radiocarbon dating to identify past tsunamis records. Generally of low energy, the stratigraphic succession made of coastal lagoon and alluvial deposits includes intercalated high-energy deposits made of mixed fine and coarse sand with broken shells, interpreted as catastrophic layers correlated with tsunami deposits. Radiocarbon dating of 46 samples consist in mixed old (>13 000 BP) and young (<5500 BP), dated charcoal and shells in sedimentary units correlate with the 24 June AD 1870 (Mw 7.5), 8 August AD 1303 (Mw ∼ 8) and 21 July AD 365 (Mw 8–8.5) large tsunamigenic earthquakes that caused inundation along the Alexandria and northern Egyptian shoreline. Our results point out the size and recurrence of past tsunamis and the potential for future tsunami hazards on the Egyptian coastline and the eastern Mediterranean regions.
Highlights
Egypt has a well-documented historical catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis recorded in ancient texts and manuscripts
Using coastal geomorphology with trenching and coring, we examine the geological evidence of tsunami deposits using textural, geochemical analysis, magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon dating to identify the tsunamis records
A first observation in almost all cores is the existence of the white sand layer with broken shells of marine origin located at a ∼ 10 to 170 cm depth in El Alamein site, and the identified three to four high energy sedimentary layers
Summary
Egypt has a well-documented historical catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis recorded in ancient texts and manuscripts. Original documents and archives from past civilizations are considered the principal sources of macroseismic data for major historical earthquakes and tsunamis (Poirier and Taher, 1980; Maamoun et al, 1984; Ambraseys et al, 1994, 2009; Guidoboni et al, 1994, 2005; Soloviev et al, 2000; Tinti et al, 2001). The catalogue of Ambraseys et al (2009) reports that coastal cities of northern Egypt have experienced repeated tsunami inundation with severe damage in the past. The geomorphology along the Mediterranean coastline of northern Egypt, with low-level topography (Hassouba, 1995), dunes and lagoons, constitutes an ideal natural environment for the geological record of past tsunamis. The eastern Mediterranean region has experienced major earthquakes (with Mw > 7.5), mainly along the Hellenic subduction zone, due to the convergence between the Eurasian and African plates
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