Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region, Central Asia, Part 2. Cenozoic rifting

Abstract

Investigations on the kinematics of rift opening and the associated stress field present a renewed interest since it has recently been shown that the control of the origin and evolution of sedimentary basins depends to a large extent on the interplay between lithospheric strength and applied stresses. It appears that changes of stress field with time are an important factor that either controls or results from the rifting process. The object of this paper is to study the changes of fault kinematics and paleostress field with time in the Baikal Rift System during the Cenozoic. Reduced paleostress tensors were determined by inversion from fault-slip data measured in the central part of the rift and its southwestern termination, between 1991 and 1995. Results show that the stress field varies as well in time as in space. Two major paleostress stages are determined, corresponding broadly to the classical stages of rift evolution: Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene and Late Pliocene-Quaternary. The first paleostress stage is related to the rift initiation and the second to the major stage of rift development. Similarities between the recent paleostress field and the present-day stress field inverted from focal mechanisms indicate that the second paleostress stage is still active. Therefore, we propose to use ‘proto rift’ for the Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene stage and ‘active rift’ for the Late Pliocene-Quaternary stage of rift development. During the ‘proto rift’ stage, the stress field was characterized by a compressional to strike-slip regime. A progressive change from transpression to transtension is suspected for the central part of the rift (Baikal and Barguzin basins) during this period. In the western termination of the rift (Sayan Massif, Tunka depression), a strongly compressional stress field with oblique thrusting kinematics is well constrained in the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene interval. The ‘active rift’ stage was initiated by a marked change in fault kinematics and stress regime in the Late Pliocene. In the central part of the rift, the stress regime changed into pure extension, while in the southwestern extremity, it changed into pure strike-slip. Fault kinematics suggests that rifting was initiated by an extrusion mechanism due to the interaction of far-field compressional stress on a mechanically heterogeneous crust, with the southwards-pointing wedge of the Siberian Craton acting as a passive indentor. The Cenozoic time-space evolution of the stress field is believed to reflect the increasing influence of locally generated buoyancy extensional stresses associated with density anomalies of the lithosphere, on intraplate stresses generated by the India-Eurasia convergence and the West-Pacific subduction.