Paleoenvironmental changes in the Silurian indicated by stable isotopes in brachiopod shells from Gotland, Sweden

Abstract

Ratios of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in brachiopod shells (more than 370 specimens, esp. Atrypa reticularis) from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden, have been analysed. Preservation of biological skeletal ultrastructures, observed in SEM-micrographs, and cathodoluminescence analyses indicate that usually no diagenetical alteration occurs. The Silurian of Gotland consists of 440 m carbonate deposits, spanning the late Llandovery to late Ludlow epochs (431-411 m.y.). Repeatedly, uniform sequences of micritic limestones and marks are interrupted by complex-structured reefs and adjacent platform sediments. Previously, the alteration of facies is interpreted as the result of sea level fluctuations caused by a gradual regression with superimposed minor transgressive pulses. The Silurian sequence of Gotland exhibits principally parallel carbon and oxygen isotope records corresponding closely to the topostratigraphic units. Lower values occur in periods dominated by deposition of marly sequences. Higher values are observed in periods dominated by reefs and extended carbonate platforms. The isotope ratios are influenced by local as well as global factors. The oxygen isotope ratios are interpreted to reflect paleosalinity changes due to varying freshwater input, rather than changes in paleotemperature. Consequently, the facies distribution of Gotland is interpreted as resulting from changes in terrigenous input caused by different rates of continental weathering and freshwater runoff rather than by sea level fluctuations. Periods of arid climate and, therefore, anti-estuarine downwelling of oxygenated surface water appear as short episodes of reef growing (≤1.5 m.y.) in an epoche characterized by a tropic humid climate, which causes an estuarine circulation and the upwelling of CO 2-rich deep water. Carbon isotope ratios are obviously connected to these changes in circulation by the advection of 13C-rich surface water (arid episodes) or upwelling of 13C-depleted deep water (humid episodes) of a Silurian ocean which itself reveals generally euxinic deep water conditions due to the burial of organic carbon in black shales.