Abstract
Studies of the demography of past populations involving deterministic life tables can be criticized for ignoring the errors of estimation. Bayesian methods offer an alternative, by focusing on the uncertainty of the estimates, although their results are often sensitive to the choice of prior distributions. The aim of this study is to explore a range of Bayesian methods for estimating age at death for a population of nomadic warriors-Scythians from the Black Sea region. In total, skeletons of 312 individuals (93 children and 219 adults) from Glinoe (Moldova), dated to the 5th-2nd century BCE, were examined. We unified the age categories corresponding to different aging methods, allowing an application of a probabilistic assessment of the age categorization. A hierarchical Bayesian multinomial-Dirichlet-Dirichlet model was applied, with a hypothetical, subjective reference population, a real reference population, and no reference. Stationary-population life expectancy was estimated as 27.7 years (95% CI: 25.1-30.3) for a newborn (e0 ), and 16.4 years (14.0-19.0) for 20-year-olds (e20 ), although with high uncertainty, and sensitive to the model specification. Slight differences in longevity between different social strata and between the Classical and Late chronological periods were found, although with high estimation errors. A more robust finding, confirming earlier studies, was a high probability of death in young adulthood, which could depend on Scythian lifestyle (conflicts, wars). Our study shows a way to overcome some limitations of broad age categorization by using the Bayesian approach with alternative model specifications, allowing to assess the impact of reference populations.
Highlights
Existing studies of the age structures of historical populations based on the analysis of skeletal remains have been often based on standard life tables functions, as described by Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970), coupled with a deterministic assessment of the indicators of age
Our study shows a way to overcome some limitations of broad age categorisation by using the Bayesian approach with alternative model specifications, allowing to assess the impact of reference populations
We propose a Bayesian method for assessing the age distribution of ancient populations, coherently combining the information from the skeletal sample with a hypothetical and subjective, yet explicitly described reference population related to the the age-atdeath assessment of the bony remains
Summary
Existing studies of the age structures of historical populations based on the analysis of skeletal remains have been often based on standard life tables functions, as described by Acsádi and Nemeskéri (1970), coupled with a deterministic assessment of the indicators of age. These methods have important limitations, especially relevant for paleodemographic research. The results obtained for relatively small samples and low numbers of individuals in each age group diminish the reliability of conclusions, while not providing any indications as to the errors of the resulting estimates.
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