Abstract
In the Eocene perissodactyls penetrated Sardinia, which was still connected with the European mainland. In the early Oligocene NE Italy was populated by faunas immigrated from Asia, while in the middle and late Oligocene western European faunas reached NW Italy and advanced as far as Calabria. In the early Miocene Sardinia was already an island, populated by an endemic fauna. Unusual late Miocene assemblages of SW Tuscany unite European and African elements which may have migrated through a temporarily folded belt. The Messinian dessiccation of the Mediterranean made possible wide faunal exchanges between Africa, Europe and the islands; relicts of such migrations survived in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. A still open problem is posed by the early Miocene migration of a highly distinctive fauna from western Asia to Iberia, which has been assumed to have taken place through the Tyrrhenian area.
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