Abstract
Celtic fields are the best preserved and most widely distributed type of prehistoric agricultural landscape in the Netherlands, and occur throughout north-western Europe. In this contribution, data from two excavated Dutch Celtic fields are used to explain the process of bank formation and to unravel the agricultural regime of Celtic fields. To this end, traditional archaeological methodologies and geochemical analyses are combined with detailed palaeo-ecological analyses. It is shown that Celtic field banks were constructed from a mixture of non-local soil, wetland vegetation, dung and settlement debris such as charcoal and sherds. A system was in place in which sods and plants were cut in lower-lying wetland landscapes and which were transported to the settlement, where they were presumably used as byre-bedding, became enriched with dung and were mixed with settlement debris. This mixture was carted to the fields, most likely to be spread across fallow plots as a manuring agent. From this primary, functional location, a composite sediment of agricultural sediments and the added manure was incorporated into the field banks. This process of incorporation was very slow and probably started with the uprooting of arable weeds from the fields, which were tossed to the side against the wattlework fences—together with minute quantities of soil attached to their root clusters. As a consequence of this chain of events, over the course of centuries, banks of anthropogenic sediment came to enclose fields within the Celtic field landscapes.
Highlights
Celtic fields are agricultural field systems of embanked field plots that are traditionally dated between the Late Bronze Age and the first two centuries of the Roman Period (c. 1000 cal bc–ad 200)
We report on the results of the archaeological and palaeo-ecological analysis of the Zeijen and Wekerom excavations, in order (1) to determine how the banks around the Celtic field plots evolved and (2) to try and explain the agricultural regime of Celtic fields
In profile pit 1 the charcoal appears to be correlated to a disturbed (Fig. 4; hoe- or spade cultivated?) pre-Celtic field (PCF) layer
Summary
Celtic fields are agricultural field systems of embanked field plots that are traditionally dated between the Late Bronze Age and the first two centuries of the Roman Period (c. 1000 cal bc–ad 200). Multiple hypotheses have been forwarded to explain bank development (Table 1), but as such hypotheses were seldom based on actual fieldwork on Celtic fields, the ways in which Celtic field banks evolved has been studied much less (but see Gebhardt 1976; Spek et al 2003; Nielsen and Kristansen 2014 for exceptions) To this end, a long-term research project into the nature and dynamics of Dutch Celtic fields has been initiated (Arnoldussen 2012; Arnoldussen and Scheele 2014). We report on the results of the archaeological and palaeo-ecological analysis of the Zeijen and Wekerom excavations, in order (1) to determine how the banks around the Celtic field plots evolved and (2) to try and explain the agricultural regime of Celtic fields
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