Abstract
AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) could significantly affect the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions of the atmospheric circulation and consequently the cloud variations. Here we use several different satellite records to extract the spatial‐time modes of total cloud cover (TCC) by employing a pairwise rotation of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. The results show that the first two principal oscillation modes of TCC are closely associated with the Central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation (CP ENSO) and Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO during the 1980s–2000s, while the ENSO‐like mode of TCC can provide an evident contribution to the TCC change during the 2000s–2010s. In CP El Niño, the cloud vertical structure decomposed from CloudSat observations shows an increase of cloud occurrence frequency near the equator and around 40°, and a decrease around 10° in both hemispheres, suggesting a symmetric tightening of Hadley cell (HC). In addition, cloud occurrence frequency increases around 180°, which is accompanied by an eastward shift of Walker circulation (WC). In EP El Niño, TCC increases (decreases) over the Equatorial Eastern Pacific (Western Pacific warm pool), and decreases asymmetrically over the subtropical Pacific Ocean, indicating a weakening of WC and an asymmetric tightening of HC, respectively. The different responses of circulation and clouds to CP and EP El Niño highlight the nonlinearity of El Niño SST forcing. We also construct a trend mode of TCC to investigate cloud long‐term responses to SST warming by transferring the linear trends of the rest modes to a specific mode. The principal components (PCs) of TCC trend modes are strongly correlated with global‐mean SST (GSST) with correlation a coefficient of about 0.60 during the 1980s–2000s and 0.45 during the 2000s–2010s, suggesting a continued influence of global SST warming on TCC. The global TCC change is mainly influenced by the combined effects of Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The variation about the trend mode of TCC is closely associated with PDO and IOD.
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