Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To provide an initial indication of the intensity and quality of pain in young adults reporting depressed mood and to investigate possible underlying mechanisms.DESIGN: Case‐control study.SETTING: University undergraduate subject pool.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty introductory psychology undergraduates classified as either reporting high levels of depressed mood (n=30; age 18.7±0.87 years, mean ± SD) or reporting low levels of depressed mood (n=30; age 18.6±0.81 years).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Beck Depression Inventory, Short‐Form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and pressure dolorimeter pain thresholds.RESULTS: Young adults reporting high levels of depressed mood had significantly higher pain intensity at testing time, as measured by a visual analogue scale (P=0.015) and a present pain index (P=0.002), affective pain intensity for the previous month (P=0.000), pain catastrophizing (P=0.025) and global sleep disturbance (P=0.000) than young adults reporting low levels of depressed mood. Within the group of young adults reporting high levels of depressed mood, significantly higher sleep disturbance scores (P=0.020) were identified in those reporting high levels of overall pain intensity.CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed in terms of their implications for research as well as for the assessment and treatment of pain in individuals with depression.
Highlights
Descriptive statistics, MANOVA, univariate ANOVA and/or factorial ANOVA were performed for the two Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) scores, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores, the Present Pain Intensity Index (PPI) indexes, the overall pain thresholds, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) scores and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores for both the young adults reporting high levels of depressed mood and the young adults not reporting high levels of depressed mood
Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the associations among depressed mood, pain intensity, pain threshold, pain catastrophizing and sleep disturbance
The present study was designed to provide an initial indication of the intensity of pain in young adults reporting high levels of depressed mood; to examine associations among depressed mood, pain thresholds and sensory pain intensity; to examine associations among depressed mood, pain catastrophizing and affective pain intensity; and to investigate the relations among depressed mood, overall pain intensity and sleep disturbance
Summary
To provide an initial indication of the intensity and quality of pain in young adults reporting depressed mood and to investigate possible underlying mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate further the relation between depressed mood, and the sensory and affective aspects of the pain experience and to examine these possible underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms are not exhaustive nor are they mutually exclusive. It is possible that individuals with depressed mood may be more prone to having pain catastrophizing thoughts and, are more likely to interpret a given bodily sensation as more threatening than it is [23] This negative appraisal is more likely to elicit the affective aspect of the pain experience [34] as opposed to the sensory aspect. The third goal is to determine whether there is an association among young adults’ depressed mood, pain catastrophizing and the affective aspect of pain experience, and the fourth is to determine the relations among depressed mood, sleep disturbance (including both the overall quality and the specific aspects of sleep) and overall pain intensity
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