Abstract
Sixty-four bottom ash (BA) samples from indoor burning of eight bio-fuels (BFs) including cotton (COT), corn (COR), millet (MIL), soybean (SOY), sorghum (SOR) and sesame (SES), firewood walnut (WAL), and corn cob (COC) were collected across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. Each BA was divided into five differently sized parts for the analysis of eighteen PAHs using the GC/MS system. The Σ18PAHs values for all the BAs varied from 65.0 ± 10.6 to 1310 ± 129 ng g–1. SOR had the highest PAH level, and COC produced the lowest level. The Σ18PAHs for SOY, WAL, COT, COR, COC, and SES were negatively correlated with the BA sizes. The NA, PHE, ACL, AN, FA, PY, FL, and AC dominated in all the BAs except for SES. All the BAs were dominated by 2, 3-ring PAHs. The PAH profiles for differently sized BAs within MIL, SOR, COC, COR, and SES were similar based on lower coefficient of divergence values, while the other three BFs did not exhibit this trend. All the BF pairs except for SOR vs. SES and COC vs. COR had the different PAH profiles. No series of coincident diagnostic ratios (DRs) could represent all BFs based on their significantly varied DRs. AN/(AN + PHE) and BA/BgP might be used in identification of combustion sources of different types of BFs. SOR and SES had higher potential toxicity risk based on higher TEQ, BaPE, and CPAHs values. BgF and BgP were the indicatory PAHs for SOY, MIL, COR, SOR, and COC, while they were AC and FL for the remaining three BFs.
Highlights
The particle matter (PM) emitted from combustion of crop straws accounts for approximately 20% of the total PM amounts emitted from biomass burning around the world (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Streets et al, 2003)
Košnář et al (2016) reported the main factors contributing to PAH emission to be combustion temperature and BF species, while Masto et al (2015) indicated that fuel species was less important than combustion conditions in PAH emissions
NA and PHE dominated in all the bottom ash (BA)
Summary
The particle matter (PM) emitted from combustion of crop straws accounts for approximately 20% of the total PM amounts emitted from biomass burning around the world (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990; Streets et al, 2003). Its biomass utility as energy accounts for a large proportion of total energy consumption, especially in rural areas. China contributes approximately 25% of total biomass burning around Asia (Streets, et al, 2003), and biomass burned as energy accounts for 79.3% of total energy consumption in rural areas in China (Zhong et al, 2001). Serious atmospheric pollution incidents attributed to biomass burning have been frequently reported for domestic cities in Southeast Asia, India, Russia, and China (Permadi and Kim Oanh, 2013). Serious atmospheric pollution incidents attributed to biomass burning have been frequently reported for domestic cities in Southeast Asia, India, Russia, and China (Permadi and Kim Oanh, 2013). Abas et al (2004) reported that biomass combustion was the main source of organic aerosol during a heavy haze episode in Malaysia
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