Abstract
Encephalitis is a multifaceted syndrome with a myriad of clinical presentations. It is defined as inflammation of the brain with functional disturbance. Infectious diseases, particularly viruses, and autoimmune disorders are the commonest causes in children. Young infants have the highest burden of disease for most infectious causes. Recent advances include the publication of international consensus guidelines, emergence of new aetiologies including human parechoviruses and better characterisation of known infectious causes, including enterovirus 71, which continue to cause large epidemics, death and impairment in children although a number promising vaccines are on the horizon; and neurological syndromes associated with influenza which occur most commonly in children who are not immunised against the virus. Understanding of childhood autoimmune encephalopathies is also rapidly expanding including responses to immunomodulation and prognosis. Future research should see better understanding of the pathogenesis of all forms of encephalitis, with hope for advances in therapy and prevention.
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