Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that belongs to the taxane family and which was approved to treat various kinds of cancers including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Several delivery systems for PTX have been developed to enhance its solubility and pharmacological properties involving liposomes, nanoparticles, microparticles, micelles, cosolvent methods, and the complexation with cyclodextrins and other materials that are summarized in this article. Specifically, this review discusses deeply the developed paclitaxel nanocrystal formulations. As PTX is a hydrophobic drug with inferior water solubility properties, which are improved a lot by nanocrystal formulation. Based on that, many studies employed nano-crystallization techniques not only to improve the oral delivery of PTX, but IV, intraperitoneal (IP), and local and intertumoral delivery systems were also developed. Additionally, superior and interesting properties of PTX NCs were achieved by performing additional modifications to the NCs, such as stabilization with surfactants and coating with polymers. This review summarizes these delivery systems by shedding light on their route of administration, the methods used in the preparation and modifications, the in vitro or in vivo models used, and the advantages obtained based on the developed formulations.
Highlights
Cancer is considered a serious disease that is globally widespread, and it is one of the most life-threatening illnesses [1], accounting for about 10 million deaths in2020 [2]
The targeted delivery of PTX to breast cancer cells was developed by loading it into Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid (HA), and the results showed that the cellular uptake was increased using this system [84]
A study showed that the PTX-loaded micelle based on N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan (OSC), which is a novel derivative of water-soluble chitosan used for the delivery of PTX, has superior toxic properties, as lower side effects were observed, and the area under the curve (AUC) was about 3.5 lower than the marketed drug Taxol® while preserving the antitumor efficacy at equivalent doses [94]
Summary
Cancer is considered a serious disease that is globally widespread, and it is one of the most life-threatening illnesses [1], accounting for about 10 million deaths in. The second line is considering the enhancement of the available cytotoxic drugs which act on abundant targets (e.g., DNA or tubulin) [5] These cytotoxic drugs are either natural products or their derivatives obtained from plants, marine species, and microorganisms, 4.0/). Several drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology modalities have been obtained for different anticancer drugs such as solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, implants, and nanocrystals [8,9,10]. All these approaches are aimed at either enhancing the efficacy or reducing the side effects of the currently available chemotherapeutic agents. Toxic side effects over oral administration, which in turn can reduce their oral absorption below the therapeutic effective levels [10]
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