Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) remains a poor prognostic cancer, and is thought to arise from dysfunctional stem cells. Recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role that TGF-β plays in HCC suppression, through its intracellular signaling mediators that include TβRII and adaptor protein ELF. Interestingly, at 12 months nearly two thirds of elf+/− mutant mice develop hepatocellular cancers (HCC). Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor-4 (Itih4) is a liver-restricted IL-6 regulated member of the serine protease inhibitor family with diverse functions as an anti-apoptotic and matrix stabilizing molecule that are important throughout development and cancer.
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