Abstract
The number of electric vehicles (EVs) is steadily growing. This provides a promising opportunity for balancing the smart grid of the future, because vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems can utilize the batteries of plugged-in EVs as much needed distributed energy storage: In times of high production and low demand the excess energy in the grid is stored in the EVs’ batteries, while peaks in demand are mitigated by EVs feeding electricity back to the grid. But the data needed for managing individual V2G charging sessions as well as for billing and rewards is of a highly personal and therefore sensitive nature. This causes V2G systems to pose a significant threat to the privacy of their users. Existing cryptographic protocols for this scenario either do not offer adequate privacy protection or fail to provide key features necessary to obtain a practical system.Based on the recent cryptographic toll collection framework P4TC, this work introduces a privacy-preserving but efficient V2G payment and reward system called P6V2G. Our system facilitates two-way transactions in a semi online and post-payment setting. It provides double-spending detection, an integrated reputation system, contingency traceability and blacklisting features, and is portable between EVs. The aforementioned properties are holistically captured within an established cryptographic security framework. In contrast to existing protocols, this formal model of a V2G payment and reward system allows us to assert all properties through a comprehensive formal proof.
Highlights
In an effort to counter global warming and fossil fuel depletion, energy transitions from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources are expedited on a global scale
The number of electric vehicles (EVs) is steadily growing. This provides a promising opportunity for balancing the smart grid of the future, because vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems can utilize the batteries of plugged-in EVs as much needed distributed energy storage: In times of high production and low demand the excess energy in the grid is stored in the EVs’ batteries, while peaks in demand are mitigated by EVs feeding electricity back to the grid
826 ms fraudulent user refuses to present their wallet for billing or claims to have lost it, which can not be prevented either. Another inherent limitation is that a maliciously colluding user and supply equipment communication controller (SECC) are always able to agree on updating the wallet in a way that is not reflective of any charging session that physically took place. Due to this gap between the digital communication captured by our model and the real, physical world, we had to omit the case of collusions between the user side (UA, electric vehicle communication controller (EVCC)) and operator side (OPR, SECC) from our security proof
Summary
In an effort to counter global warming and fossil fuel depletion, energy transitions from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources are expedited on a global scale. The resulting system P6V2G allows for unlinkable and efficient V2G payments, rewards and reputation scores It facilitates post-payment two-way transactions in a semi online and portable setting and includes double-spending detection as well as features for blacklisting (of both EVs and users), recalculation of debt and contingency traceability. The main differences are that the UA is not anonymous in Debt Clearance, no new wallet state is created and the OPR learns the balance and reputation accumulated on the UAs wallet The goal of this task is for both parties to calculate the debt the user owes its OPR, so that they can be billed out-of-band.
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