Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) has a marked male preponderance, its symptoms peak in adolescence, and typically improve with age. Stress is a critical environmental factor for TS. Acute stress exacerbates tics, and chronic psychosocial stress exposure in children and adolescents predicts TS symptom severity in the future. Here, we characterize the influence of early life stress (ELS) on the behavioral and cellular pathology relevant to TS.
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