Abstract
Non-excitatory cardiac stimulation during the refractory period is a novel modality for treating chronic heart failure. Stimuli with an amplitude of up to 7.5 V and a duration of up to 24 ms are delivered during the absolute refractory period. Experimental studies show that CCM stimulation (CCMS) leads to elevated intracellular Ca++ levels and is associated with increased contractility (C) as determined by the velocity of ventricular pressure rise (dp/dt). The FIX-CHF-3 study has proven the safety and acute effectiveness of this therapy. Long-term hemodynamic effects of CCMS are investigated in the European FIX-CHF-4 study.
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