P16 Tadalafil stimulates hydrogen sulfide-AMPK pathway to inhibit high glucose stimulation of protein synthesis in mouse podocytes

Abstract

Kidney injury is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Current therapies only slow down but do not stop its progression to end stage kidney failure; thus, there is a need for novel approaches. Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, e.g., laminin, fibronectin, contributes to the loss of functioning parenchyma and progressive loss of kidney function in diabetes. We have recently reported that H2S inhibits high glucose-induced increase in synthesis of proteins including matrix proteins (H.J. Lee et al., J. Biol. Chem. 287 (2012) 4451). We wish to identify H2S generating agents that can be used in humans to treat diabetic kidney disease. We hypothesized that tadalafil, a H2S donor and phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, inhibits high glucose stimulation of synthesis of proteins including ECM proteins by generating H2S in mouse kidney podocytes. High glucose (30 mM), but not equimolar mannitol, significantly promoted global protein synthesis, cellular hypertrophy and expression of laminin-γ1 and fibronectin. These events were inhibited by 10 μM tadalafil. Because mRNA translation is rate-limiting for protein synthesis, we examined tadalafil effect on events in translation. Tadalafil abrogated high glucose-induced mTORC1 activation as indicated by phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and 4E-BP1; both these events are important for the initiation phase of translation. Tadalafil reversed high glucose-induced changes in the phosphorylation of eEF2 and eEF2 kinase, which regulate the elongation phase of translation. Upstream regulators of mTORC1 were investigated. Tadalafil stimulated activating phosphorylation of AMPK in a dose dependent manner, peaking at 10 μM. Pre-incubation with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, completely abolished tadalafil effect on high glucose stimulation of events in mRNA translation as well as global protein and laminin synthesis. Tadalafil-induced AMPK phosphorylation was abolished by dl -propargylglycine (PAG), an inhibitor of cystathionine γ lyase (CSE), a H2S generating enzyme. Tadalafil rapidly increased CSE protein expression in 1 h which was inhibited by cycloheximide but not actinomycin-D, suggesting regulation at the level of mRNA translation. In an enzymatic assay, PAG abrogated tadalafil stimulation of generation of H2S. PAG completely abolished tadalafil effect on high glucose stimulation of events in mRNA translation as well as global protein and laminin synthesis. Tadalafil is a PDE5 inhibitor that increases cGMP content. ODQ, an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase that generates cGMP, abolished tadalafil induction of AMPK phosphorylation. ODQ abrogated tadalafil inhibition of high glucose-induced increase in laminin expression. Renal cortical content of cystathionine β synthase (CBS) and CSE, H2S generating enzymes, was significantly reduced in the kidney in mice with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Our data show that tadalafil stimulates H2S-AMPK axis to inhibit mTORC1 and mRNA translation leading to amelioration of high glucose-induced global and matrix protein increment in renal podocytes. It is likely that tadalafil stimulation of H2S is cGMP-dependent in the podocyte. Future work is needed to define whether tadalafil can ameliorate kidney injury in animal models of diabetes.