Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a life-long therapeutic option, remains the only currently effective clinical method to treat HIV-1 infection. However, ART may be toxic to vital organs including the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys, and may result in systemic complications. In this context, to consider HIV-1 restriction factors from the innate immune system to explore novel HIV therapeutics is likely to be a promising investigative strategy. In light of this, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) has recently become the object of close scrutiny as a recognized cell adhesion molecule, and has become a major focus of academic study, as researchers believe that PSGL-1 may represent a novel area of interest in the research inquiry into the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. In this article, we review PSGL-1’s structure and functions during infection and/or inflammation. We also outline a comprehensive review of its role and potential therapeutic utility during HIV-1 infection as published in contemporary academic literature.
Highlights
Despite several decades of dedicated research, and large financial and human resource investments, no single effective treatment has been developed to eliminate HIV infection [1]
The restriction factors still warrant thorough investigation for their potential therapeutic application. These restriction factors possess a few characteristics in common [16], which can be summarized as: (i) they are usually induced by interferons (IFNs), (ii) they are usually developed from lentiviruses, mounting high selection pressure, leading to a rapid evolution of their coding genes, and resulting in significant production of their amino acid sequences [17], and (iii) in Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the virus can restrict their actions in order to survive in host cells
Since sCD40L and glutamate have been proven to be effective at inducing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) expression on monocytes [104], an approach targeting PSGL-1 using these factors during HIV infection could be a viable alternative approach to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neurocognitive disease
Summary
ART may be toxic to vital organs including the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys, and may result in systemic complications. In this context, to consider HIV-1 restriction factors from the innate immune system to explore novel HIV therapeutics is likely to be a promising investigative strategy. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) has recently become the object of close scrutiny as a recognized cell adhesion molecule, and has become a major focus of academic study, as researchers believe that PSGL-1 may represent a novel area of interest in the research inquiry into the field of immune checkpoint inhibition. We review PSGL-1’s structure and functions during infection and/or inflammation. We outline a comprehensive review of its role and potential therapeutic utility during HIV-1 infection as published in contemporary academic literature
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