P/s-orbital hybridization induced by Mg-doping to active Na sites in Na2FePO4F cathode for long-life and high-rate sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

The iron-based fluorophosphate Na2FePO4F (NFPF) is considered as a potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries due to the low-cost, non-toxicity and appropriate working voltage. However, the inferior intrinsic electronic conductivity and the restrained active Na sites bring the limits for full realization of electrochemical properties. Herein, Mg2+ with d0 orbital was introduced in FeO4F2 structure, aimed at activating the Na+ at Na1 site and enhancing the electronic conductivity. Different from the 3d transition metal (TM) elements that form 3d-O2p orbital interactions in the FeO4F2 structure, the Mg with d° contributes p and s orbitals mainly in Mg-O bonds, which corresponds to more stable orbital interaction and lattice structure. The electron distribution of bridge O due to the Mg-doping leads to the wooden barrel effect near the Mg site, thus activating Na+ at Na1 site by lowering the energy barrier of Na+ migration from Na1 to Na2 site. Hence, the obtained NFMPF electrode delivers high specific capacity (121.4 vs. 108.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) and better cycling stability (73.8% vs. 54.2 % after 1000 cycles at 20 C). Overall, regulating the electronic structure and activating Na+ at inactive site is the key to break the bottleneck of low activity, which can be an effective strategy to design cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performance.