P.857Cognitive reserve in child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate PM emissions and performance of SI engines fueled with butanol-methanol-gasoline during air dilution operation. Iso-butanol and methanol were blended with gasoline at volume concentrations of up to 40% (10, 20 vol% iso-butanol and methanol, respectively). The effects of lean mixture on engine performance and PM emissions with blends were investigated to find that the power performance of blended fuels is comparable to that of gasoline. High-proportion blends also showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) than gasoline. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of blends was also about 10% higher than that of gasoline under stoichiometric conditions; with a lean mixture, a reduction of about 9% in the BSFC of blends was observed. The combustion stability of the blends was reduced relative to that of gasoline. CO emissions from the blends decreased rapidly as the mixture became leaner. The NOx emissions of blended fuels were about 30–50% lower than that of gasoline (lambda >1.15) and decreased rapidly as the mixture grew leaner – a reduction of up to 80% was observed. However, when the excess air ratio was less than 1.15, the NOx emissions were about 30% higher than that of gasoline. The increasing BTE trend of blended fuels was similar to that of gasoline as the load increased. A significant reduction in PM concentration was observed during lean mixture operation, which was further reduced with blended fuels. Reduction of accumulation mode particle was more pronounced for blended fuels relative to nucleation mode particles. The total surface area concentration markedly decreased due to a reduction in particle diameter and total concentration. These results altogether suggest that lean mixture reduces PM emissions of blends and improves BTE; n-butanol/methanol addition also contributed to higher BTE and lower gaseous and PM emissions.