P.3.f.001 Association study of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)-50T/C polymorphism with schizophrenia; association with depression and cognitive impairment

Abstract

Glycogen is a uterine histotroph nutrient synthesized by endometrial glands in response to estradiol. The effects of estradiol may be mediated, in part, through the catecholestrogens, 2-hydroxycatecholestradiol (2-OHE2) and 4-hydroxycatecholestradiol (4-OHE2), produced by hydroxylation of estradiol within the endometrium. Using ovariectomized mink, our objectives were to determine the effects of estradiol, 4-OHE2, and 2-OHE2 on uterine: 1) glycogen concentrations and tissue localization; 2) gene expression levels for glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3B; and 3) protein expression levels for glycogen synthase kinase-3B (total) and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3B (inactive). Whole uterine glycogen concentrations (mean ± SEM, mg/g dry wt) were increased by estradiol (43.79 ± 5.35), 4-OHE2 (48.64 ± 4.02), and 2-OHE2 (41.36 ± 3.23) compared to controls (4.58 ± 1.16; P ≤ 0.05). Percent glycogen content of the glandular epithelia was three-fold greater than the luminal epithelia in response to estradiol and 4-OHE2 (P ≤ 0.05). Expression of glycogen synthase mRNA, the rate limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis, was increased by 4-OHE2 and 2-OHE2 (P ≤ 0.05), but interestingly, was unaffected by estradiol. Expression of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase kinase-3B mRNAs were reduced by estradiol, 2-OHE2, and 4-OHE2 (P ≤ 0.05). Uterine phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3B protein was barely detectable in control mink, whereas all three steroids increased phosphorylation and inactivation of the enzyme (P ≤ 0.05). We concluded that the effects of estradiol on uterine glycogen metabolism were mediated in part through catecholestrogens; perhaps the combined actions of these hormones are required for optimal uterine glycogen synthesis in mink.