Abstract
Estuaries are regions where there is an interaction between the discharge of fresh river water and the inflow of tidally forced salty oceanic water. The first-order balance of estuarine dynamics is determined by the tidally averaged forcing in the along-channel direction, yielding a vertical circulation dependent on density gradients and river discharge. Some estuaries have lateral circulations, and many show complex variability when considering time-dependent tidal forcing. Additionally, many estuaries exhibit a plume, a pulsed discharge of fresh water at ebb tide that travels for great distances into the open ocean surface layer, with implications for mixing behavior and internal wave generation.
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