Abstract
How the actuation provides energy to the body governs resultant locomotion. This chapter describes actuation in legged locomotion, both in natural and artificial, for understanding how the muscle-like actuation is advantageous. It begins with understanding mechanism of the natural biological muscles, which is energy-efficient, effective, and redundant. Then, the joint stiffness and compliance by electric motors is carefully investigated. Finally, artificial muscles in current Robotics are described to mimic properties of natural muscles.
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