Abstract
Plants are affected by the features of their surrounding environment, such as climate change and air pollution caused by anthropogenic activities. In particular, agricultural production is highly sensitive to environmental characteristics. Since no environmental factor is independent, the interactive effects of these factors on plants are essential for agricultural production. In this context, the interactive effects of ozone (O3) and supraoptimal temperatures remain unclear. Here, we investigated the physiological and stomatal characteristics of leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in the presence of charcoal-filtered (target concentration, 10 ppb) and elevated (target concentration, 120 ppb) O3 concentrations and/or optimal (22/20 °C day/night) and supraoptimal temperatures (27/25 °C). Regarding physiological characteristics, the maximum rate of electron transport and triose phosphate use significantly decreased in the presence of elevated O3 at a supraoptimal temperature (OT conditions) compared with those in the presence of elevated O3 at an optimal temperature (O conditions). Total chlorophyll content was also significantly affected by supraoptimal temperature and elevated O3. The chlorophyll a/b ratio significantly reduced under OT conditions compared to C condition at 7 days after the beginning of exposure (DAE). Regarding stomatal characteristics, there was no significant difference in stomatal pore area between O and OT conditions, but stomatal density under OT conditions was significantly increased compared with that under O conditions. At 14 DAE, the levels of superoxide (O2-), which is a reactive oxygen species, were significantly increased under OT conditions compared with those under O conditions. Furthermore, leaf weight was significantly reduced under OT conditions compared with that under O conditions. Collectively, these results indicate that temperature is a key driver of the O3 response of B. juncea via changes in leaf physiological and stomatal characteristics.
Highlights
IntroductionOver the 40 years, the demand for agricultural production is expected to increase by at least 50% as a result of the projected growth of human population [1]
At 7 days after the beginning of exposure (DAE), Vcmax was significantly decreased under ambient O3 + supraoptimal temperature (T) and elevated O3 + supraoptimal temperature (OT)
Given the potential effects of supraoptimal temperature and elevated O3 on plants, the present study explored the impact of these environmental factors on the physiological and stomatal characteristics of B. juncea
Summary
Over the 40 years, the demand for agricultural production is expected to increase by at least 50% as a result of the projected growth of human population [1]. Agricultural production is highly sensitive to environmental characteristics [2]. According to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, anthropogenic activities, such as rapid industrial development, have led to substantial climate change due to increased greenhouse gas emission [3]. The global mean temperature is expected to increase by 1.1 ◦ C to 4.8 ◦ C depending on future climate scenarios within this century, which will further worsen global warming and its associated problems related 4.0/). To the ecosystems and crops [3,4]. Climate change is a critical threat to ecosystem health. Global warming may severely damage agricultural crops [4]
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