Oxygenated Volatile Organic Compounds (Anti-freezing Agents) in Decorative Water-based Paints Marketed in Nigeria.

Ajoke F Idayat Apanpa-Qasim,Adebola A Adeyi

doi:10.5696/2156-9614-8.18.180606

Abstract

Background.Consumer products such as paints are a potentially significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs. Paints for construction and household use have been rapidly changing from oil-based to water-based paints and are one of the commonly identified sources of oxygenated VOCs in indoor environments.Objectives.Four different anti-freezing agents were identified and analyzed in 174 waterbased paint samples, purchased from popular paint markets in two metropolitan cities in Nigeria, Lagos and Ibadan.Methods.Paint samples were solvent extracted using acetonitrile and milli-Q water. Antifreezing agents in the extracts were identified and quantified using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry and a GC-flame ionization detector, respectively.Discussion.Four different anti-freezing agents were identified in the samples, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Their levels ranged from 1,000-1,980 ppm, diethylene glycol; 1,000–3,900 ppm, triethylene glycol; 1,090–2,510 ppm, propylene glycol and 1,350–2,710 ppm, ethylene glycol. Levels of anti-freezing agents in all of the paint samples were above the permissible limits of the European Union for VOCs in paints of 500 ppm. Results of multivariate statistical analyses clearly showed that triethylene glycol was the most commonly used anti-freezing agent in paints despite its numerous harmful health effects.Conclusions.We concluded that water-based paints marketed in Nigeria contain high concentrations of anti-freezing agents, which have harmful environmental and human health effects, especially to sensitive individuals such as children.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Highlights

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids and their derivatives are considered to be priority pollutants of the atmosphere and aquatic environment.[1]
The present study identifies and assesses the levels of anti-freezing agents used in waterbased paints sold in Nigeria and their associated health effects
Twenty different compounds classified as VOCs and oxygenated VOCs were identified in the samples

Summary

Introduction

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids and their derivatives are considered to be priority pollutants of the atmosphere and aquatic environment.[1]. They are used in paints for flow control and application properties, stability while in the liquid state and suitability to all weather conditions.[6] Anti-freezing agents irritate the eyes and skin, and affect the kidney and central nervous system, sometimes inducing renal failure and brain injury.[7,8] The European Union has set 500 ppm as the permissible limit of Consumer products such as paints are a potentially significant source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and oxygenated VOCs. Paints for construction and household use have been rapidly changing from oil-based to water-based paints and are one of the commonly identified sources of oxygenated VOCs in indoor environments. We concluded that water-based paints marketed in Nigeria contain high concentrations of anti-freezing agents, which have harmful environmental and human health effects, especially to sensitive individuals such as children. Accepted May 7, 2018 J Health Pollution 18: 180606 (2018) © Pure Earth

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Discussion

Conclusion