Oxygen vacancy engineering of mesoporous Bi-Fe2O3@NC multi-channel microspheres for remarkable oxygen reduction and aqueous/flexible Zn-air batteries

Abstract

Designing multi-channel mesoporous structure and introducing oxygen vacancies to synergistically enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is crucial for the practical application of zinc-air batteries (ZABs) in the field of energy storage and conversion. Herein, a novel multi-channel mesoporous Bi-Fe2O3 microsphere with abundant oxygen vacancies supported on nitrogen-doped carbon (denoted as Bi-Fe2O3@NC) is constructed and the designated catalyst demonstrates a higher half-wave potential (0.88 V), large limiting current density (5.8 mA cm−2@0.4 V), and superior stability. Besides, the aqueous ZAB utilizing Bi-Fe2O3@NC cathode achieves a high power density of 198.6 mW cm−2 and maintains exceptional stability for 459 h at 5 mA cm−2, superior to most previously reported catalysts. Furthermore, a solid-state ZAB assembled with Bi-Fe2O3@NC shows a power density of 55.9 mW cm−2, highlighting its potential for flexible ZAB applications. The prominent ORR performance of Bi-Fe2O3@NC can be ascribed to its unique multi-channel mesoporous structure and abundant oxygen vacancies, which increase the exposure of active sites and facilitate efficient electron/mass transport. This work provides valuable insights for the rational design of advanced ORR catalysts for the practical requirements of aqueous/flexible ZABs in energy storage and conversion.