Abstract
Lack of suitable auto/allografts has been delaying surgical interventions for the treatment of numerous disorders and has also caused a serious threat to public health. Tissue engineering could be one of the best alternatives to solve this issue. However, deficiency of oxygen supply in the wounded and implanted engineered tissues, caused by circulatory problems and insufficient angiogenesis, has been a rate-limiting step in translation of tissue-engineered grafts. To address this issue, we designed oxygen-releasing electrospun composite scaffolds, based on a previously developed hybrid polymeric matrix composed of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). By performing ball-milling, we were able to embed a large percent of calcium peroxide (CP) nanoparticles into the PGS/PCL nanofibers able to generate oxygen. The composite scaffold exhibited a smooth fiber structure, while providing sustainable oxygen release for several days to a week, and significantly improved cell metabolic activity due to alleviation of hypoxic environment around primary bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Moreover, the composite scaffolds also showed good antibacterial performance. In conjunction to other improved features, such as degradation behavior, the developed scaffolds are promising biomaterials for various tissue-engineering and wound-healing applications.
Highlights
Organ failure and tissue defects are one of the most decisive threats to human life, and the number of patients in need of tissue and organ transplants has been on the rise [1]
The presence of calcium peroxide (CP) in the composite scaffolds was demonstrated by Alizarin red S staining, which is usually used for identification of inorganic calcium (Figure 2a)
For the PCL/poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) blends, peaks appeared at 21◦ and 23.5◦, mainly attributed to X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra of PCL [39,40]
Summary
Organ failure and tissue defects are one of the most decisive threats to human life, and the number of patients in need of tissue and organ transplants has been on the rise [1]. Neoangiogenesis, a vital process in tissue engineering, can promote new blood vessel formation and infiltration throughout the scaffold [11]. It often takes one-to-two weeks for the host vasculature to infiltrate the inner layers of transplanted scaffolds [12,13]. This process might take longer in patients suffering from underlying conditions, such as diabetes [14]. Oxygen supply within the scaffold at the wound area prior to the neovascularization would be critical to maintain adequate cell metabolism and tissue growth [7,8]. Developing long-lasting oxygen-releasing scaffolds could potentially overcome such oxygen supply shortages for both tissue-engineering applications [8,12]
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