Abstract
Virtually none of the many studies of the responses of aquatic organisms to heavy metals has involved organism response to heavy metals under natural, whole system exposure. The ability of laboratory studies to simulate and predict actual field conditions and responses remains questionable. The effects of cadmium exposure on zooplankton has been measured in laboratory studies and in enclosures placed in the field. However, studies involving zooplankton subjected to field exposure of cadmium are lacking. The objectives of this experiment were to measure oxygen consumption, survivorship, and reproduction of Daphnia pulex and Simocephalus serrulatus in response to low level cadmium exposure, in both laboratory and field situations. This design makes possible the comparisons of 1) laboratory and field exposures, and 2) responses of 2 common freshwater zooplankton species.
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