Oxygen and carbon isotope analysis of the Mooreville Chalk and late Santonian-early Campanian sea level and sea surface temperature changes, northeastern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract

Oxygen and carbon isotope profiles for strata of the Mooreville Chalk (upper Santonian-lower Campanian) of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain, U.S.A., show correlations with published curves for these isotopes. The δ 18O curve exhibits a strong similarity to the Exmouth Plateau δ 18O curve from ODP drilling sites offshore northwestern Australia, and the δ 13C curve can be correlated with the δ 13C curve from the English Chalk Trunch section. A thermal maximum probably occurred in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico during the latest Santonian (∼83.8 Ma), as evidenced by the minimum δ 18O values in the lower Mooreville beds. A δ 13C positive excursion occurs at the same stratigraphic level, which has been recognized as the “Santonian/Campanian boundary event” worldwide. After this event, ocean surface water temperature decreased throughout the early Campanian. This carbon isotope excursion is followed by a plateau in δ 13C values with a peak value occurring in a condensed section (∼80 Ma), which has been correlated to a downlap or maximum flooding surface on seismic data from offshore Alabama. The section characterized by increasing δ 13C values corresponds to a marine transgression. The interval characterized by decreasing δ 13C values corresponds to regression and progradation. The maximum flooding event occurred ∼0.8 Ma later than the thermal maximum event. The Mooreville chalk/marl cycles are most likely a product of fluctuations in siliciclastic sediment influx into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico modulated by the precession band of the Earth's orbital cycles. Higher carbon isotope values occur in the marl beds indicating that these beds were formed in a more anoxic/dysoxic environment characterized by higher clay, silt input and higher organic carbon accumulation.