Abstract
Objective: Elucidation of the protective effect of lutein against carbofuran induced toxicity in Wistar rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned into 5 groups of five animals. Group I normal received sunflower oil, Group 2 received carbofuran (5 mg/kg b. w.) alone. Group 3-5 received carbofuran plus lutein (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) respectively. Carbofuran and lutein administration were continued for 14 d. Neurobehavioural markers such as rotarod, grip strength test and pain threshold tests were carried out. After sacrifice, tissues were analysed for marker enzymes, antioxidant enzymes as well as oxidative stress markers.Results: Low dose of carbofuran was found to produce neurobehavioral problems as seen from the decreased retention time during rotarod test, endurance capacity in grip strength test and increased endurance capacity in pain threshold test. They were found to be significantly reversed by oral lutein administration. Administration of lutein restored the decreased acetylcholinesterase produced by carbofuran. Serum and tissue marker enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, which were increased by carbofuran were decreased by lutein administration. Lutein administration also reduced oxidative stress parameters which were increased by carbofuran.Conclusion: The results showed that carbofuran induced toxicity in male Wistar rats was reversed by carotenoid lutein.
Highlights
Carbofuran (2,3 dihydro 2,2 dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methyl carbamate) (Furadan) a broad spectrum pesticide commonly is used in agricultural practices [1]
The present study demonstrated that there was a restoration in the decreased acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity produced by carbofuran in serum and tissues in animals treated with lutein
Results from the present study showed that antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide dismutase (SOD), GPx, CAT and GSH were reduced in the liver tissue in the carbofuran treated group
Summary
Carbofuran (2,3 dihydro 2,2 dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methyl carbamate) (Furadan) (fig. 1) a broad spectrum pesticide commonly is used in agricultural practices [1]. It is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides and known to exert high toxicity to mammalian systems [3]. It is a systemic insecticide, acaricide, and nematicide which is extensively used for the control of all types of stem borers in rice, sugar-cane, fruits and vegetables. The underlying mechanism of carbofuran induced toxicity is not well understood. Primary mechanism of toxicity of carbofuran is the reversible inhibition of serine group of acetylcholinesterase via carbamylation at the nerve terminals [4], inducing brain hyperactivity, such as convulsions and seizures. The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage appear to be linked to free radical-mediated injury [5]
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