Abstract
Recent exploration of cellulose nanomaterials has resulted in the creation of Oxone®-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanomaterials (OTO-CNMs). These materials, when incorporated into a polymer matrix, have properties showing increased flux, decreased membrane resistance, and improved clearance, making them an ideal material for dialysis. This study is the first to focus on the implementation of OTO-CNMs into hollow fiber membranes and a comparison of these membranes for ultrafiltration and dialysis. Ultrafiltration and dialysis were performed using bovine serum albumin (BSA), lysozyme, and urea to analyze various properties of each hollow fiber membrane type. The results presented in this study provide the first quantitative evaluation of the clearance and sieving characteristics of Oxone®-Mediated TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose-Nanomaterial-doped cellulose triacetate mixed-matrix hemodialyzers. While the cellulose nanomaterials increased flux (10–30%) in ultrafiltration mode, this was offset by increased removal of albumin. However, in dialysis mode, these materials drastically increased the mass transfer of components (50–100%), which could lead to significantly lower dialysis times for patients. This change in the performance between the two different modes is most likely due to the increased porosity of the cellulose nanomaterials.
Highlights
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic kidney disease is the 14th leading cause of death in the United States [1]
We have proposed the incorporation of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) into cellulose membranes for dialysis
The ultrafiltration mode sieving coefficient (So ) of each membrane was determined using Equation (2), where cf is the concentration of the filtrate and cp is the concentration of the permeate [9]
Summary
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic kidney disease is the 14th leading cause of death in the United States [1]. American adults with reported diagnoses of kidney disease [2]. 50,000 Americans died from kidney disease [3,4]. The most common treatment technique is to filter the blood through hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis does not cure the disease, like kidney transplantation. Still, it can remove contaminants from the blood, like the kidneys, to maintain the health of the individual for a significant period. Each treatment is based on how much blood can be filtered out of the body at a specific time, as well as the performance of the membranes
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