Oxoborates of the ludwigite group: Natural and mineral-like compounds as prospective materials

Abstract

Research subject. Natural oxoborates of the ludwigite group, including azoproite, ludwigite, and vonsenite. Their empirical formulas based on five oxygen atoms have the following form: azoproite (Mg1.81Fe2+0.19)∑2.00(Fe3+0.36Ti0.26Mg0.26Al0.12)∑1.00 O2(BO3), ludwigite (Mg1.69Fe2+0.30Mn2+0.01)Σ2.00(Fe3+0.90Al0.07Mg0.02Sn0.01)Σ1.00O2(BO3) and vonsenite (Fe2+1.86Mg0.13)∑1.99 (Fe3+0.92Mn2+0.05Sn4+0.02Al0.02)∑1.01O2(BO3). Aim. To establish the relationship between the composition, crystal structure, and thermal behavior (293–1373 K) of the minerals. Materials and methods. Ludwigite was collected at the Iten’yurginskoe tin skarn deposit; vonsenite was collected at the Titovskoe magnesium-skarn boron deposit; azoproite was collected at magnesian skarns of the Tazheran alkaline massif. The methods of single crystal X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, high-temperature X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and thermal analysis were used. Results. Low-charge cations (Fe2+, Fe2.5+, Mg2+) tend to occupy the M(1)–M(3) sites, and high-charge cations (Fe3+, Al3+, Ti4+, Sn4+) generally occupy the M(4) site. Azoproite is characterized by the highest melting temperature Tm > 1650 K. Due to the low Fe2+ content, azoproite does not undergo solid-phase decomposition across the investigated temperature range. The melting point of ludwigite exceeds 1582 K, which is due to the high Mg content; as a result of the Fe2+ → Fe3+ oxidation, it gradually decomposes with the formation of hematite, warwickite, and magnetite. The temperatures of oxidation and solid-phase decomposition in the Fe2+-rich vonsenite are approximately 100 K lower than those in ludwigite. The melting point of vonsenite is 1571 K. All the minerals are characterized by a weak degree of thermal expansion anisotropy. The main contribution to the thermal expansion anisotropy is due to the preferred orientation of the [BO3]3– triangles. Conclusions. The thermal properties of the oxoborates depend on their chemical composition. It was established that Tm increases with an increase in the Mg and Ti4+ content, and decreases with an increase in the Fe2+ content. The Fe2+ → Fe3+ oxidation is observed when the FeO component in the minerals exceeds 10 wt %, which leads to the solid-phase decomposition starting at temperatures of about 500–600 K. The values of the 293KαV volume thermal expansion of ludwigite and azoproite are comparable, while the largest values were observed for vonsenite. This is associated with the largest average bond lengths, primarily those of <Fe2+–O>6.