Abstract
In this study, we report a perovskite solar cell (PSC) can be benefited from the high quality of inorganic nickel oxide (NiOx) as a hole transport layer (HTL) film fabricated from the physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSC is found to depend on the thickness of NiOx HTL. The NiOx thickness is optimized via quantitative investigation of the structure, optical and electrical properties. With an active area of 11.25 cm2, a PSC module (25 cm2) with a PCE of 15.1% is demonstrated, while statistically averaged PCE = 18.30% with an open voltage (Voc) 1.05 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) 23.89 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) 72.87% can be achieved from 36 devices with smaller active areas of 0.16 cm2. After the stability test at 40% relative humidity (RH) and 25 °C for 1200 h, the highest performance NiOx-based PSC is shown to be about 1.2–1.8 times superior to PEDOT:PSS organic HTL based PSC at the same environment.
Highlights
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite is a very potential material in many application fields, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) [1,2], thin-film transistors (TFT) [3], photodetector [2–4], and photovoltaic solar cells [5]
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic–inorganic hybrid photovoltaic perovskite solar cell devices has been improved from 3.8% to over 25.5%
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass was baked for 1 h at 150 ◦ C to remove moisture
Summary
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite is a very potential material in many application fields, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) [1,2], thin-film transistors (TFT) [3], photodetector [2–4], and photovoltaic solar cells [5]. The PCE of organic–inorganic hybrid photovoltaic perovskite solar cell devices has been improved from 3.8% to over 25.5%. The photoactive layer CH3 NH3 PbI3 has a direct bandgap of around 1.5 eV (300–800 nm) with a long carrier diffusion length (>1 μm) [7]. The light absorption of a hybrid perovskite can cover visible regime (400–800 nm) with a high extinction coefficient (~104 cm−1 at 550 nm) [8]. The perovskites materials have a crystal structure similar to ABX3 . The symbol A is monovalent cation: Methylammonium (MA+ ), Formamidinium (FA+ ), and Cesium (Cs+ ); B is divalent metal cation: Tin (Sn2+ ) and
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