Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins Impair Endothelial Function by Inhibiting Non-Genomic Action of Thyroid Hormone–Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Human Endothelial Cells

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in the modulation of cardiac function, including contractility and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), the active form of TH, induces the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase via PI3K/AKT non-genomic signaling. Hypothyroidism is associated with an increase in SVR and serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels, and accumulation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) may impair endothelial-dependent vascular relaxation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of both native LDL (nLDL) and oxLDL on T(3)-mediated AKT phosphorylation, nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production in human endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to either nLDL or oxLDL for 3 hours and then stimulated with T(3) (10(-7) M) or pretreated with an antioxidant mixture of vitamins E and C for 12 hours before treatment with LDL. An analysis of AKT phosphorylation was performed by Western blot, and NO production was evaluated by using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Intracellular production of cGMP was measured by enzymatic immunoassay. LDL oxidation was carried out by incubating LDL with CuSO(4), and α-tocopherol content of LDL was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. OxLDL impaired T(3)-mediated AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 and significantly decreased the production of both NO (oxLDL+T(3) vs. T(3), 9.79±0.5 AU vs. 80.75±2.8 AU, mean±standard deviation, p<0.0001) and cGMP. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antioxidant mixture obviated the inhibitory effect of LDL on T(3) action. The results of this study demonstrate that oxLDL may contribute to a blunting of the non-genomic action of T(3) and impair the effect of T(3) on NO and cGMP production in endothelial cells. These data suggest that oxLDL, apart from inducing the atherosclerotic process, may also promote a mechanism of peripheral resistance to T(3,) further amplifying the impact of hypothyroidism on endothelial function by increasing SVR.