Oxidative stress response of caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata larvae to abrupt hypoxia–normoxia shift

Abstract

Natural and anthropogenic effects cause low dissolved oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and subsequent reoxygenated conditions (normoxia) in river systems. However, oxidative stress responses to hypoxia–normoxia shift in aquatic insects are still poorly understood. Here, we exposed caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata larvae to 30-min hypoxic followed by 1-d normoxic exposure, with experiments being repeated at 14 °C (Exp.1) and 20 °C (Exp.2), respectively. Exp.1 was conducted in December 2016 using overwintering larvae, and Exp.2 was conducted in June 2016 using non-wintering larvae. The responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and energy reserves were investigated. The hypoxia–normoxia shift considerably inhibited CAT and ORAC in Exp.1. In addition, the energy reserves were decreased in response to exposure to severe hypoxia–normoxia. However, LPO was not induced under these conditions. It is conceivable that regulating antioxidant defense enzymes and utilizing energy reserves may suppress the expected increases in LPO. In contrast, the hypoxia–normoxia shift in Exp.2 had almost no effect on oxidative stress response, with only ORAC being induced. Exp.1 had a lower dissolved oxygen partial pressure and a larger difference in the oxygen partial pressure between hypoxia and normoxia than Exp.2. The severity of hypoxia–normoxia shift and the differences in the life cycles (overwintering or non-wintering) may cause the difference in the response of ORAC in Exp.1 and Exp.2. This study revealed that the effect of the hypoxia–normoxia shift on oxidative stress response in aquatic insects and the strength of the impact of the shift on oxidative stress response may be influenced by water temperature and life cycles.