Abstract
The involvement of highly reactive oxygen-derived free radicals (ROS) in the genesis and progression of various cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmias, aortic dilatation, aortic dissection, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary arterial disease and congestive heart failure, is well-established. It has also been suggested that ROS may play a role in aortic aneurysm formation in patients with Marfan’s syndrome (MFS). This syndrome is a multisystem disorder with manifestations including cardiovascular, skeletal, pulmonary and ocular systems, however, aortic aneurysm and dissection are still the most life-threatening manifestations of MFS. In this review, we will concentrate on the impact of oxidative stress on aneurysm formation in patients with MFS as well as on possible beneficial effects of some agents with antioxidant properties. Mechanisms responsible for oxidative stress in the MFS model involve a decreased expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as enhanced expression of NAD(P)H oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and xanthine oxidase. The results of studies have indicated that reactive oxygen species may be involved in smooth muscle cell phenotype switching and apoptosis as well as matrix metalloproteinase activation, resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The progression of the thoracic aortic aneurysm was suggested to be associated with markedly impaired aortic contractile function and decreased nitric oxide-mediated endothelial-dependent relaxation.
Highlights
The roles of oxidative stress and antioxidants have been widely described in numerous articles
In thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD), the upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) Oxidase 4 (NOX4) was observed. Such upregulation translated into higher hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression and dysregulated HIF-1α/VEGF signaling was associated with aortic aneurysm progression [68,69]
Budbazar et al [121] examined the effect of resveratrol administration (105 mg/kg/day mixed in food) on the mortality of animal models of Marfan’s syndrome (MFS) with aortic aneurysm
Summary
The roles of oxidative stress and antioxidants have been widely described in numerous articles. It was found that oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction play an important role in the development of aortic pathologies associated with the loss of contractile function and endothelium-mediated relaxation [10]. These factors may modify the mechanical properties of the vessel, resulting in the formation of a pseudoaneurysm or aneurysm [11]. Characteristic features of this disorder, such as tall stature with dolichostenomelia, make it slightly more frequently occurring in certain types of athletes, including basketball and volleyball players [14]
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