Abstract
We review oxidative stress-related newborn disease and the mechanism of oxidative damage. In addition, we outline diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and future directions. Many reports have defined oxidative stress as an imbalance between an enhanced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and the lack of protective ability of antioxidants. From that point of view, free radical-induced damage caused by oxidative stress seems to be a probable contributing factor to the pathogenesis of many newborn diseases, such as respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, and retinopathy of prematurity. We share the hope that the new understanding of the concept of oxidative stress and its relation to newborn diseases that has been made possible by new diagnostic techniques will throw light on the treatment of those diseases.
Highlights
While human bodies are producing energy, molecules with one or more unpaired electrons in their outer shell, called free radicals, occur in the respiratory chain, phagocytosis, prostaglandin synthesis, and the cytochrome P450 system [1,2,3]
Overexpression of oncogenes and generation of mutagen compounds or inflammation leads to some diseases such as cancer, and neurodegeneration may be affected by the involvement of Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/RNS species [1, 5, 8, 9]
Endogenous free radicals are produced from immune cell activation, inflammation, mental stress, excessive exercise, ischemia, infection, cancer, and aging
Summary
Oxidative stress, which occurs when there are more toxic free radicals produced than can be neutralized by antioxidant mechanisms, is an increasingly important topic among biological researchers. Under normal conditions, it is a continuing process of our bodies that begins before birth [22, 23]. At low or moderate levels, ROS and RNS exert beneficial effects on cellular responses and immune function At high concentrations, they generate oxidative stress, a deleterious process that can damage cell structures such as DNA, lipids, and proteins [6]. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and congenital malformation have been reported to be oxidative stress-related neonatal diseases [20, 21, 23, 26,27,28]
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