Abstract
The present study investigated the hemolytic properties of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles prepared by solvent exchange using tetrahydrofuran (nC60THF), orby mechanochemically assisted complexation with macrocyclic oligosaccharide gamma-cyclodextrin(nC60CDX) or the copolymer ethylene vinyl acetate–ethylene vinyl versatate (nC60EVA–EVV). The spectrophotometrical analysis of hemoglobin release revealed that onlynC60THF, butnot nC60CDX or nC60EVA–EVV, was able to cause lysis of human erythrocytes in a dose- andtime-dependent manner. Atomic force microscopy revealed thatnC60THF-mediated hemolysis was preceded by erythrocyte shrinkage and increase in cell surface roughness. Aflow cytometric analysis confirmed a decrease in erythrocyte size and demonstrated asignificant increase in reactive oxygen species production in red blood cells exposed tonC60THF. ThenC60THF-triggered hemolytic activity was efficiently reduced by the antioxidantsN-acetylcysteine and butylated hydroxyanisole, as well as by serum albumin, themost abundant protein in human blood plasma. These data indicate thatnC60THF can cause serum albumin-preventable hemolysis through oxidative stress-mediated damageof the erythrocyte membrane.
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