Abstract
The incidence of chronic aging-associated diseases, especially cardiovascular and prostatic diseases, is increasing with the aging of society. Evidence indicates that cardiovascular diseases usually coexist with prostatic diseases or increase its risk, while the pathological mechanisms of these diseases are unknown. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of both cardiovascular and prostatic diseases. The levels of oxidative stress biomarkers are higher in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and these also contribute to the development of prostatic diseases, suggesting cardiovascular diseases may increase the risk of prostatic diseases via oxidative stress. This review summarizes the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular and prostatic diseases and also focuses on the main shared pathways underlying these diseases, in order to provide potential prevention and treatment targets.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure, are the major cause of death globally
The study showed that long-term Losartan treatment restored prostatic blood flow and reduced tissue MDA in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) [71]. These findings suggest that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)/ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) may effective in prostatic diseases
The expression of NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 was found to be upregulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) in endothelial cells [87, 88], and knockout of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 in mice can reduce blood-pressure elevation induced by Ang II [86, 89, 90]
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure, are the major cause of death globally. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer are aging-associated diseases. There is an increased incidence in prostate cancer cases from 940,000 in 2007 to 1.3 million in 2017 [5], and the age-standardized incidence of prostate cancer in China rose by 2.75% from 1990 to 2017 [6]. Aging clearly plays an important role in CVDs (such as hypertension and CHD) and prostatic diseases (prostate cancer and BPH). The current evidence suggests that CVDs usually coexist with prostatic diseases or increase its risk, and there are 13 related clinical studies showing CVD as a risk factor for prostatic diseases (see Table 1); whether there is a causal relationship between them is still controversial. Numerous studies have reported that oxidative stress can promote the occurrence and development of both prostatic diseases and CVDs [7,8,9,10]; to summarize its role in these two diseases can provide information for seeking prevention and potential therapeutic targets
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