Abstract
Oxidative stress is an integral component of various stress conditions in plants, and this fact largely determines the substantial overlap in physiological and molecular responses to biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. In this review, we discuss the alterations in central metabolism occurring in plants experiencing oxidative stress. To focus on the changes in metabolite profile associated with oxidative stress per se, we primarily analyzed the information generated in the studies based on the exogenous application of agents, inducing oxidative stress, and the analysis of mutants displaying altered oxidative stress response. Despite of the significant variation in oxidative stress responses among different plant species and tissues, the dynamic and transient character of stress-induced changes in metabolites, and the strong dependence of metabolic responses on the intensity of stress, specific characteristic changes in sugars, sugar derivatives, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, and amino acids, associated with adaptation to oxidative stress have been detected. The presented analysis of the available data demonstrates the oxidative stress-induced redistribution of metabolic fluxes targeted at the enhancement of plant stress tolerance through the prevention of ROS accumulation, maintenance of the biosynthesis of indispensable metabolites, and production of protective compounds. This analysis provides a theoretical basis for the selection/generation of plants with improved tolerance to oxidative stress and the development of metabolic markers applicable in research and routine agricultural practice.
Highlights
Throughout their life, plants often experience oxidative stress, which occurs due to the shift in the dynamic balance between the rates of formation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1]
ROS formation occurs in the chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell wall, growing evidence suggests that chloroplasts are the major contributors to oxidative stress [4]
Oxidative stress is an integral component of various stress conditions, including excessive light, cold, heat, drought, wounding, waterlogging, microbial diseases, and atmospheric and soil pollutants, and this fact largely determines the substantial overlap in plant physiological and molecular responses to various environmental challenges, biotic and abiotic [5,6,7]
Summary
Throughout their life, plants often experience oxidative stress, which occurs due to the shift in the dynamic balance between the rates of formation and removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1]. It has been established that under various stress conditions the presence of a “oxidative constituent” manifests itself through the alteration of physiological parameters (growth inhibition, chlorophyll bleaching, hypersensitive response-like cell death) and biochemical characteristics (changes in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants levels; damage to membranes, DNA, RNA, and protein molecules; accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, etc.). The distinct metabolic changes, which are repeatedly observed under different stress conditions and display correlation with enhanced ROS production, accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, and induction of the antioxidant system, can be considered as symptoms of oxidative stress [6,19,20,21]. Adjustments of central metabolic fluxes under oxidative stress conditions allow plants to prevent the accumulation of ROS, maintain the biosynthesis of indispensable metabolites, and initiate the production of protective compounds. Further comparative analysis and systematization of relevant accumulated metabolomics data are still needed to develop a fundamental base for a better understanding of the mechanisms of plant tolerance to oxidative stress and the development of metabolic markers applicable in research and routine agricultural practice
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