Abstract
Reactive species (RS), generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are produced during regular metabolism in the host and are required for many cellular processes such as cytokine transcription, immunomodulation, ion transport, and apoptosis. Intriguingly, both RNS and ROS are commonly triggered by the pathogenic viruses and are famous for their dual roles in the clearance of viruses and pathological implications. Uncontrolled production of reactive species results in oxidative stress and causes damage in proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. In this review, we describe the production of RS, their detoxification by a cellular antioxidant system, and how these RS damage the proteins, lipids, and DNA. Given the widespread importance of RS in avian viral diseases, oxidative stress pathways are of utmost importance for targeted therapeutics. Therefore, a special focus is provided on avian virus-mediated oxidative stresses. Finally, future research perspectives are discussed on the exploitation of these pathways to treat viral diseases of poultry.
Highlights
The theory of oxidative stress existed since the last 60 years
This review aims at highlighting the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stresses, deleterious effects on cell functions, and their roles in the pathobiology of avian viral infections
Production of reactive species (RS) by the innate immune cells is a typical process in viral diseases to counteract their replication
Summary
The theory of oxidative stress (oxygen-free radicals) existed since the last 60 years. Most of the consumed oxygen is converted to water in the electron-transport chain (ETC) by the cytochrome c oxidase without any contribution to ROS production [18] These ROS include superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroperoxyl (HO2), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Pathogens are recognised by the innate immune system leading to the production of O2− in the phagosome and outside the cells by the process of oxidative or respiratory burst, catalysed by the NADPH oxidase complex (NOX). This process of ROS production is critical to promote cellular responses [7]. H2O2, to the H2O and O2 by using the GSH [35], whereas CAT perform the same function (Figure 1)
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