Oxidative Stress in Patients with Drug Resistant Partial Complex Seizure.

Lourdes Lorigados Pedre,Rachel M Cruz-Xenes,Juan M Gallardo,Monserrat Flores-Mendoza,Teresa Neri-Gómez,Sandra Orozco-Suárez,Lilia M Morales Chacón,Angélica Vega García,Nancy Pavón Fuentes,Bárbara Estupiñán Díaz

doi:10.3390/bs8060059

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated as a pathophysiological mechanism of drug-resistant epilepsy, but little is known about the relationship between OS markers and clinical parameters, such as the number of drugs, age onset of seizure and frequency of seizures per month. The current study’s aim was to evaluate several oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in 18 drug-resistant partial complex seizure (DRPCS) patients compared to a control group (age and sex matched), and the results were related to clinical variables. We examined malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), nitric oxide (NO), uric acid, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, vitamin C, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) and nitrotyrosine (3-NT). All markers except 4-HNE and 3-NT were studied by spectrophotometry. The expressions of 4-HNE and 3-NT were evaluated by Western blot analysis. MDA levels in patients were significantly increased (p ≤ 0.0001) while AOPP levels were similar to the control group. AGEs, NO and uric acid concentrations were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.004, p ≤ 0.005, p ≤ 0.0001, respectively). Expressions of 3-NT and 4-HNE were increased (p ≤ 0.005) similarly to SOD activity (p = 0.0001), whereas vitamin C was considerably diminished (p = 0.0001). Glutathione levels were similar to the control group. There was a positive correlation between NO and MDA with the number of drugs. The expression of 3-NT was positively related with the frequency of seizures per month. There was a negative relationship between MDA and age at onset of seizures, as well as vitamin C with seizure frequency/month. We detected an imbalance in the redox state in patients with DRCPS, supporting oxidative stress as a relevant mechanism in this pathology. Thus, it is apparent that some oxidant and antioxidant parameters are closely linked with clinical variables.

Highlights

IntroductionOxidative stress (OS) is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated
Oxidative stress (OS) is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated.Since the 1970s, OS been associated with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, including epilepsy
Excessive ROS generation can cause damage to neuronal cells, inducing cell death via either apoptotic or necrotic pathways [18]. Taking into account this information and based on the results described previously by our group, in which apoptotic and necrotic death were evidenced in temporal lobe epileptic patients [19,20], we proposed the evaluation of oxidative stress in patients who were suffering from drug-resistant partial complex seizure (DRPCS)

Summary

Introduction

Oxidative stress (OS) is a biochemical state in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. Since the 1970s, OS been associated with diverse physiological and pathological conditions, including epilepsy. ROS react readily with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, often inducing irreversible functional alterations or even complete destruction. OS is defined as an imbalance between oxidants, nitrosative stress and antioxidants, which results in a relative or actual excess of oxidative species, and this leads to disruptions in signaling, redox control, and/or molecular damage. OS is involved in acute and chronic central nervous system (CNS )injury and is a major factor in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage [1]. OS is involved in acute and chronic CNS injury and is a major factor in the pathogenesis of neuronal damage [2]

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