Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that has been diagnosed in an increasing number of children around the world. Existing data suggest that early diagnosis and intervention can improve ASD outcomes. However, the causes of ASD remain complex and unclear, and there are currently no clinical biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. More mechanisms and biomarkers of autism have been found with the development of advanced technology such as mass spectrometry. Many recent studies have found a link between ASD and elevated oxidative stress, which may play a role in its development. ASD is caused by oxidative stress in several ways, including protein post-translational changes (e.g., carbonylation), abnormal metabolism (e.g., lipid peroxidation), and toxic buildup [e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. To detect elevated oxidative stress in ASD, various biomarkers have been developed and employed. This article summarizes recent studies about the mechanisms and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Potential biomarkers identified in this study could be used for early diagnosis and evaluation of ASD intervention, as well as to inform and target ASD pharmacological or nutritional treatment interventions.
Highlights
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and interactions, as well as repetitive behavior and limited interests [1]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one out of every 59 children in the United States is diagnosed with ASD among 8-year-olds in 2018, with boys being four times more likely to be diagnosed than girls [2]
Many studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a crucial part in the disease process of ASD because ASD cases have greater levels of oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capability
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and interactions, as well as repetitive behavior and limited interests [1]. As a result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, people with ASD have excessive ROS production, decreased antioxidant capacity, and mitochondrial dysfunction [55] All of these physiological abnormalities have the potential to cause oxidative stress [55, 92, 93]. The rising GSH/GSSG ratio is a consistent result in all related studies [101, 103, 105, 114, 121], indicating that it is a good indicator of oxidative stress in the human body This is consistent with the findings of a meta-analysis of oxidative stress marker abnormalities in children with ASD [147]. A postmortem study showed that GSH and GSH/GSSG were significantly decreased in the brains of ASD patients relative to controls [24] These glutathione metabolism markers may show parallel changes between the central and peripheral nervous systems in ASD. MDA levels in the blood of ASD patients did not decrease
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