Abstract
Physiological leaf spots (PLS) are a group of diseases on plants for which no parasite has been found, that is, they have an abiotic etiology. PLS have been found in Europe, North America and Australia, but their occurrence varies with cultivar, regions and weather conditions. Environmental or growth factors, including intense light, high temperature, air pollution, herbicides, and nutrient deficiency or toxicity, can all induce non-parasitic necrosis in plants, but the primary causes of PLS, and the underlying physiological and biochemical events, have been unclear.
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