Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that in the aging society, a person dies from stroke every 3 minutes and 42 seconds, and vast numbers of people experience depression around the globe. The high prevalence and disability rates of stroke and depression introduce enormous challenges to public health. Accumulating evidence reveals that stroke is tightly associated with depression, and both diseases are linked to oxidative stress (OS). This review summarizes the mechanisms of OS and OS-mediated pathological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and the microbial-gut-brain axis in stroke and depression. Pathological changes can lead to neuronal cell death, neurological deficits, and brain injury through DNA damage and the oxidation of lipids and proteins, which exacerbate the development of these two disorders. Additionally, aging accelerates the progression of stroke and depression by overactive OS and reduced antioxidant defenses. This review also discusses the efficacy and safety of several antioxidants and antidepressants in stroke and depression. Herein, we propose a crosstalk between OS, aging, stroke, and depression, and provide potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of stroke and depression.
Highlights
Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that 11% of the world’s population is over 60 years of age and this percentage will double to about 22% by 2050 [1]
This review discusses the central role of oxidative stress (OS) in the “agingstroke-depression” network and antioxidants in treating stroke or depression, as well as antidepressant in post-stroke depression (PSD)
Depression is a psychiatric disorder lacking effective biomarkers or methods, and depressive symptoms may be less apparent, making it difficult to procure an accurate diagnosis for depression [10]
Summary
Epidemiologic studies demonstrate that 11% of the world’s population is over 60 years of age and this percentage will double to about 22% by 2050 [1]. Global Burden of Disease 2017 identifies stroke as the third leading cause of years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years [5, 6]. Oxidative stress in stroke and depression and 2016, the actual number of stroke deaths increased 3.7%, the age-adjusted mortality rate decreased 16.7% due to the large increase in the number of elderly people [4, 7]. Like stroke, another disease that affects a significant proportion of the population is depression, a psychiatric disorder characterized by inactivity and negative feelings of inadequacy. We review the results of experiments within the last 5 years, providing a comprehensive and novel overview of this interesting field
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