Oxidative Stress and Cell Senescence Combine to Cause Maximal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Dysfunction and Loss in an in vitro Model of Kidney Disease

Abstract

Background: The incidence and cost of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasing. Renal tubular epithelial cell dysfunction and attrition, involving increased apoptosis and cell senescence, are central to the pathogenesis of CKD. The aim here was to use an in vitro model to investigate the separate and cumulative effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence in promoting loss of renal mass. Methods: Human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HK2) were treated with moderate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for oxidative stress, with or without cell cycle inhibition (apigenin, API) for cell senescence. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and oxidative stress were measured by ATP assay, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function with confocal microscopy, MitoTracker Red CMXRos and live cell imaging with JC-1. In parallel, cell death and injury (i.e. apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-X_L expression, lactate dehydrogenase), cell senescence (SA-β-galactosidase) and renal regenerative ability (cell proliferation), and their modulation with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) were investigated. Results: H₂O₂ and API, separately, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and cell senescence. Although API caused cell senescence, it also induced oxidative stress at levels similar to H₂O₂ treatment alone, indicating that senescence and oxidative stress may be intrinsically linked. When H₂O₂ and API were delivered concurrently, their detrimental effects on renal cell loss were compounded. The antioxidant NAC attenuated apoptosis and senescence, and restored regenerative potential to the kidney. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and cell senescence both cause mitochondrial destabilization and cell loss and contribute to the development of the cellular characteristics of CKD.