Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Contributed to Nonylphenol-Induced Cell Damage in Mouse NCTC Clone 1469 Cells

Xiaozhen Liu,Fuxiang Li,Gaoyi Peng,Qiang Yu,Yangjie Chen,Zhaoliang Zhu,Mingyong Xie,Shaoping Nie

doi:10.1155/2020/1468071

Abstract

Nonylphenol (NP) is considered an environmental toxicant and endocrine-disrupting compound. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of NP on NCTC Clone 1469, nonparenchymal hepatocytes, and to study the molecular basis of NP-induced liver injury. The results showed that NP decreased cell viability and induced nucleus crenulation and intracellular enzyme leakage in NCTC Clone 1469 cells. Additionally, NP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of NCTC Clone 1469 are accompanied by upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-12, and release of cytosolic free Ca2+ in the cells. ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), prevented the intracellular enzyme leakage induced by NP. NP induced alteration of estrogen receptor- (ER-) α and ER-β expression, while ER antagonists, ICI 182,780, showed no effect on NP-induced intracellular enzyme leakage. We proposed that NP triggered cell damage via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis in cells, but not estrogenic effect.

Highlights

Nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO) is a kind of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used as emulsifiers, plasticizers, and detergents [1]
We found that NP downregulated the viability of NCTC Clone 1469 in high concentration with 12 h incubation and shrunken cells revealed in microscopic observation, which indicated that NP showed stress or damage to NCTC Clone 1469. e amounts of LDH, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and AST leakage in the supernatant were sensitive indicators to evaluate liver cell damage
We found that NP induced oxidative stress in NCTC Clone 1469, as evidenced by the increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and MDA content and the decrease of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CAT activities in NP challenged cells

Summary

Introduction

Nonylphenol polyethoxylate (NPEO) is a kind of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, which are widely used as emulsifiers, plasticizers, and detergents [1]. Nonylphenol (NP), one of the degraded products of NPEOs, has been used extensively in cleaners, cosmetics, pesticides, plastics, surfaceactive agents, polyvinyl chloride pipes, food processing and packaging industry, and other industrial and agriculturally formulated products [2,3,4,5,6]. NP has been detected in most of the retailed food, and it may be widespread in our daily food. NP can migrate from food packaging films to food simulants during the process of cooking and microwaving [9, 10]. Due to the bioaccumulative characteristic of NP, it can be harmful to the biological systems in a very low concentration

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Conclusion