Abstract
Oxidation of commercial Pd-based dental metal–ceramic alloys was studied by multitechnique analyses. The composition and chemical state of alloy components were measured by XPS. The lateral and depth–concentration profiles were studied by SAM combined with ion sputtering. The microstructure was analysed by SEM/EDX and XRD. Various alloying components Cu, Ga, In, Sn and Zn were used to control the oxide structure, which is of primary importance in order to get good porcelain bonding to the alloy. All alloys were oxidized internally. The thickness of the internally oxidized layer was several micrometres. High concentration of the alloying components was observed on the surface. Oxidation of palladium depended on the other oxidizing components of the alloy. For Pd–Ag–Sn–In–Zn alloy the outermost surface layers consisted of a non-oxidized Pd-rich area and an oxidized area rich in Zn, indicating that chemical bonding also contributes to the overall bonding. In general, multitechnique analyses are required to characterize properly the oxide structure of metal–ceramic alloys.
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