Oxidation of emerging contaminants by S(IV) activated ferrate: Identification of reactive species

Abstract

Studies on the Fe(VI)/S(IV) process have focused on improving the efficiency of emerging contaminants (ECs) degradation under alkaline conditions. However, the performance and mechanisms under varying pH levels remain insufficiently investigated. This tudy delved into the efficiency and mechanism of Fe(VI)/S(IV) process using sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ibuprofen (IBU) as model contaminants. We found that pH was crucial in governing the generation of reactive species, and both Fe(V/IV) and SO4•− were identified in the reaction system. Specifically, an increase in pH favored the formation of SO4•−, while the formation of Fe(VI) to Fe(V/IV) became more significant at lower pH. At pH 3.2, Fe(III) resulting from the Fe(VI) self-decay reactedwith HSO3−to produce SO4•−and •OH. Under near-neutral conditions, the coexistance of Fe(V/IV) and SO4•− in abundance contributed to the optimal oxidation of both pollutants in the Fe(VI)/S(IV) process, with the removal exceeding 74% in 5 min. Competitive quenching experiments showed that the contributions of Fe(V/IV) to SMX and IBU destruction dimished, while the contributions of radicals increased with an increase in pH. However, this evolution was slower during SMX degradation compared to IBU degradation. A comprehensive understnding of pH as the key factor is essential for the optimization of the sulfite-activated Fe(VI) oxidation process in water treatment.