Abstract
Thermal fume formation is a problem in manganese ferroalloy production and the metal production industry at large. A better understanding of the mechanisms of fume formation and the operational parameters affecting the fume formation rate may help in reducing and managing fuming. This paper aims to investigate the effects of oxygen content and gas flow rate on the fuming rate and fume particulate properties for liquid high-carbon ferromanganese. The fuming rates were attained experimentally by measuring the fume flux with respect to oxygen content and gas velocity above the metal melt. The generated fumes were also characterized in terms of particle size and element distribution between fume and melt. The fuming rates were found to steadily increase with increasing oxygen content and flow rate of the gas up to a point where the curve flattens, following theoretical predictions. However, the highest flux values measured were above the theoretical limitations of the evaporation flux in vacuo given the alloy bulk composition. It is hypothesized that the high rate of fuming is caused by an increased manganese activity at the alloy surface due to local decarburization of the alloy in contact with the oxidizing gas.Graphical
Highlights
Manganese is extensively used as an alloying element for the iron- and steelmaking industry in the form of ferromanganese and silicomanganese [1]
The main goal of the current study is to experimentally investigate the effects of increased oxygen content and gas flow rate over liquid high-carbon ferromanganese (HCFeMn) on the fuming/oxidation rate, and to evaluate these results using the methodology for oxidation-enhanced evaporation developed by Rosner
The distribution of major elements in the dust for varying bulk oxygen concentrations as well as for the HCFeMn alloy used is shown in Fig. 4 together with SiMn pilot scale results from Ma et al [30] and shows clear relations between the concentration of most of the elements and the oxygen content in the bulk gas, i.e. for all the trace elements except phosphorous, the concentration is higher in the dust than in the metal
Summary
Manganese is extensively used as an alloying element for the iron- and steelmaking industry in the form of ferromanganese and silicomanganese [1]. The production of ferromanganese commonly takes place in an electric submerged arc furnace through carbothermic reduction of manganese ores. Ferromanganese alloys can be classified into high-carbon ([C]-7.0wt%), medium-carbon ([C]
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